Evidence is gathered about student achievement or understanding. The information allows the instructor or learner to alter future instructional steps. It is done to improve learning outcomes (Black & ...

Formative assessments are tools used ... where students might hesitate to speak up. Self-assessments empower students to reflect on their own progress and identify gaps in understanding. Examples: ...

Prepare students for high-stakes assessments by incorporating frequent, low-stakes formative activities like quizzes or problem sets throughout the course. Example: Weekly quizzes aligned with the ...

In many of the above instances learning outcomes may not change, but assessment results will instead directly influence further instruction. For example, during a lecture a quick formative assessment ...