While mRNA vaccines are quickly gaining traction due primarily to their ease of production, protein subunit vaccines are still the go-to for many applications, including HIV. Reassuringly, the team ...

"This research shows beyond doubt that organic biomolecules, such as proteins like collagen, appear to be present in some fossils," says University of Liverpool materials scientist Steve Taylor. "Our ...

What are COVID-19 protein-based vaccines? Protein-based vaccines use the specific parts of the virus that the immune system needs to recognise in order to develop an immune response. They do not ...

The whole influenza virus was reported to contain 28–29% of total viral proteins [108]. Thus, the HA dose in microneedle vaccines in mouse studies is estimated to be 0.12–2.9 μg HA.

Several types of HEV vaccines were developed based on the different molecular approaches, including recombinant HEV proteins (peptides ... expressed in insect Sf9 cells via recombinant baculovirus ...

Researchers are able to make the plants produce vaccine proteins, which mimic viruses. The vaccine proteins are then extracted and purified. Vaccine manufacturing in plants is also twice as fast as ...

An adjuvant is a substance that is added to a vaccine to enhance the resulting immune response ... For example, antibiotics that prevent contamination during viral cell culture; egg or yeast proteins ...