Religion has long played a pivotal role in shaping human affairs, influencing social structures, cultural practices, and ...

Here, we explore six notable civilizations that have collapsed, shedding light on some of the causes behind their demise and ...

Erdoğan has transformed Türkiye into a regional power, reasserting its legacy and challenging Western influence ...

lona became holy ground and the burial place of kings. Says Historian A. J. Toynbee: had it not been for one of history’s incalculable shifts, lona, instead of Rome, might have been the ...

ARNOLD J. TOYNBEE was Director of Studies at the Royal Institute of International Affairs and Research Professor of International History at the London School of Economics and King’s College London.

One of the greatest indictments in post-colonial Africa’s academia is the centrality of exceptionally Eurocentric views in the study of many disciplines. Disciplines such as economics ...

The law of political forces (Burkhardt’s) raises questions about the ability of this century to avoid “the rule of the masses” in its passage through perilous history. Toynbee wonders about ...

The well-known historian Arnold J. Toynbee observed: Civilizations die from suicide, not by murder. The DRC is not collapsing because of M23—it is falling down because its leaders refuse to ...

The influence of Britain's first female prime minister is still felt half a century after she became Conservative leader ...