Here, self-organization processes induced by the driving forces of nature, such as the decrease of free enthalpy of the system ... with the lowest surface energy tends to migrate to the surface ...

Energy is required to break a covalent bond ... For some bonds, the mean bond enthalpy is quoted. This is to give an average value to work from since the precise enthalpy value for a bond may ...

Hess’s Law states that the enthalpy change for a chemical reaction is independent of the route taken. This means that the enthalpy change for the overall process will be identical regardless of ...