Through laboratory techniques that track quantities of mRNA, scientists can identify which genes are “turned on” and which are “turned off” in an organism’s tissue at a given time ...

An organism’s genome — or the full set of information encoded in the organism’s DNA — may include over 20,000 distinct genes. Until recently, scientists could analyze genes with a variety ...

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Messenger RNA carries genetic information from DNA in the highly protected nucleus out to the rest of the cell, where structures called ribosomes can build proteins according to the DNA blueprint.