This can be found by looking up the z-score in a standard normal distribution table or using statistical software. If you’re ...

Z-Scores vs. Standard Deviation In most large data sets (assuming a normal distribution of data), 99.7% of values lie between -3 and 3 standard deviations, 95% between -2 and 2 standard deviations ...

Data were available for 6,140 females and 5,790 males aged 2–24 y from NHANES III ... corresponding to a unit increase in Z-scores Our LMS tables are based on North American reference data ...

Let us have a look at more detailed statistics in the below table. The annualized return for the top decile has been around 16.3% for the Z-score portfolio, compared to 9.6% for the S&P 500.