But the effects of this mass migration in the world’s oceans are ... livelihoods are at stake. For sardine-eating Portuguese and seafood-loving Japanese, cultural heritages are at risk.

The Sardine Run is known as the ‘Greatest Shoal on Earth’ because of the breathtaking vision of billions of silver sardines migrating along the coastline – attracting a feeding frenzy of predators, ...

The winter run is a reproductive migration. When they reach KwaZulu-Natal waters, the sardines spawn, and their eggs and larvae drift down the coast to nursery areas on the Agulhas Bank.

and migration patterns, experts suggest. In just three years, Gujarat’s mackerel and sardine landings have increased three-to four-fold, from 10,000 tonnes, boosting local fisheries' revenue.