The cauda equina is the lumbar and sacral nerve roots extending from the lowest part of the spinal cord. It fills the thecal sac from approximately L2 to S1. Symptoms include urinary retention or ...

Have you ever heard of an S1 radiculopathy? This is an impingement of the first sacral nerve root at L5-S1 in the back. Impingement of the S1 nerve root can cause heel pain and can mimic plantar ...

New research confirms that sacral nerve stimulation is a feasible ... chronic urinary retention might be mediated through S3 nerve root stimulation and reflex relaxation of the spastic pelvic ...

Sacral neuromodulation, in which electrical pulses from an implanted device help control the bladder, was found to ease ...

Each facet joint is connected to a capsular ligament. The cauda equina is a fanning bundle of lumbar and sacral nerve roots exiting the spinal cord. The cordtypically terminates at the L1-L2 level ...