When a PID controller is used on a process that has dead time (and all have some!), the closed-loop response has a resonant frequency at which it will amplify variability with frequency components at ...

A better understanding of the sources of process dynamics can improve process, mechanical and automation system design ...

For example, a temperature sensor positioned a long distance from a heater can slow response to dynamic changes. Changes in machines and processes due to disturbances and set point changes are why PID ...