These are the top causes: Bile reflux occurs when the muscular passageway between the stomach and small intestine, the pyloric sphincter, malfunctions, allowing bile to get into the stomach.

lack a pyloric sphincter. Called Nkx3.2, the gene was inactivated in the common ancestor between platypuses and echidnas and this change occurred likely tens of millions of years ago. "Work from ...

Metoclopramide increases the tone and amplitude of gastric (especially antral) contractions, relaxes the pyloric sphincter and the duodenal bulb, and increases peristalsis of the duodenum and ...