Polyploid organisms evolve more slowly in the smooth fitness landscapes due to reduced genetic variance, making it harder for beneficial mutations to take hold. Ohbayashi adds, "However ...

To start, polyploidy is a condition in which the cells of an organism have more than one pair of chromosomes. Humans, and most species, are diploid: They have two complete sets of chromosomes, one ...

Each cell randomly inherits genome copies of the mother cell. Each genome is duplicated multiple times and is neutrally selected. Credit must be given to the creator. Adaptations must be shared ...

The oscillation of an organism between haploid and diploid stages is the very essence of sexual reproduction. Thus the ability to accurately pair and separate homologous chromosomes during meiosis ...