To address this, photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) systems have been developed. These hybrid systems not only generate electricity like PV panels but also capture the wasted heat, providing a dual benefit.

In a recent paper published in Scientific Reports, researchers have proposed a photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) system that uses a Tesla valve to enhance heat transfer and energy efficiency.

The PV/T panel has an electrical output of 375 W and a thermal output of 660 W. The electrical output is used to power a 12 V pump that circulates water around the system, two DC fans of 100 W ...

Researchers from Hebei University of Technology in China have designed a photovoltaic-thermal air conditioning system that uses an air-cooled condenser and a PV/T condenser combined in series.