The ATM gene (mutated in the disease ataxia telangiectasia) activates the p53 tumor suppressor protein in response to DNA damage, explaining the higher incidence of cancer in AT patients.

USPs such as USP22 and USP7 regulate key proteins like c-Myc and p53, influencing apoptosis in BC. Similarly, autophagy, a mechanism for cellular self-digestion, has a paradoxical role in BC ...