they are inserted into the appropriate layer of the model (see Figure 2). What makes this so nice is that it is possible to use applicable protocols within the stack (such as TCP-IP, Wi-Fi, Ethernet, ...

A tutorial on the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) networking reference model plus tips on how to memorize the seven layers. The Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) model is a conceptual framework ...

Fig. 1: The 7-layer OSI model. Courtesy technology.blurtit.com. Fig. 2. Protocols within the layers. (Courtesy Acturus Networks) Security protocols can be implemented in just about any layer – either ...

The OSI Model. Designated ISO/IEC ... The header in Figure 4 is that used in IP version 4 (IPv4). Since the IANA has run out of 32-bit addresses (2 32 of them!), a newer version is rapidly being ...

As a matter of fact, when I started writing this post I titled it “Layer 4 of the OSI Model – understanding the application layer,” and then I had to go back and correct myself.