Clusters of nerve cells in the brainstem, known as nuclei, are responsible for regulating and processing essential bodily functions such as breathing, heart rate, pain and blood pressure.

Gut hormones acting via vagal afferents act on the NTS in the brainstem, which in turn signals to the hypothalamus. Some gut hormones may also act directly on hypothalamic nuclei via the ...

and inferior medullary reticular formation nuclei in the COVID-19 group relative to HCs. Fatigue, dyspnea, chest pain, and ...

It includes different brainstem nuclei, the superior colliculus of the midbrain, and various regions throughout the cerebral cortex.