The formation of a strong coordination structure, [Zn(H2O)6]2+ often increases direct contact between the solvated H2O and Zn anodes on the inner Helmholtz layer, which exacerbates undesirable side ...

They describe it as a low-energy system with no moving parts. The system combines cationic diodes based on Nafion ionomer-coated microhole array substrates with an anion conducting membrane.