The lemniscate is a particular instance of a Cassini oval where r 2 =cos2θ. We all know the circumference of a circle—basically, the perimeter—is 2π; the perimeter of the lemniscate is 2ϖ.

Building on two centuries' experience, Taylor & Francis has grown rapidly over the last two decades to become a leading international academic publisher. The Group publishes over 800 journals and over ...