"Unlike lying exercises, which isolate specific muscles, standing exercises engage the entire kinetic chain [all muscles involved in a movement], requiring the full core to stabilize the spine ...

When your foot strikes the ground, the functional stability of the whole kinetic chain relies on a strong and agile base. Yet calf muscle exercises are often missing from training routines.

Objective First, to look for appropriate closed kinetic chain exercises to restore intramuscular imbalance between upper trapezius (UT) and serratus anterior (SA) in overhead athletes. Second, to ...

The scapula must be dynamically stabilised in a position of relative retraction during arm use to maximise activation of all the muscles that originate on the scapula.3 4 Finally, it is a link in the ...