Background GIRD is a condition resulting in the loss of internal rotation of the glenohumeral joint as compared to the contralateral side. Mechanism of GIRD is caused by repetitive throwing such as a ...

It accomplishes this by the following two roles: facilitating general glenohumeral joint stability through humeral head depression and by stabilization in abduction/external rotation motions ...

Various theories exist regarding the mechanisms of stiff shoulder (SS). Potential etiological factors are adhesive capsulitis, [1] decreased capsular volume, [2,3] capsular contractions, [4 ...