Background GIRD is a condition resulting in the loss of internal rotation of the glenohumeral joint as compared to the contralateral side. Mechanism of GIRD is caused by repetitive throwing such as a ...

acquired glenohumeral anterior instability, (2) loss of internal rotation range of motion, and (3) lack of retraction strength. Based on recent literature, the following guidelines are proposed in the ...

Various theories exist regarding the mechanisms of stiff shoulder (SS). Potential etiological factors are adhesive capsulitis, [1] decreased capsular volume, [2,3] capsular contractions, [4 ...