The British had received poor intelligence. They believed the Fenians were a motley crew of drunkards and amateur soldiers. They severely underestimated O’Neill’s abilities as a field general.

Brave, dedicated and very capable veteran soldiers, the Fenians were supported by an Irish-American and Irish immigrant population across the country that scrimped and saved from their meager ...

The Fenian’s plan was sound—mass thousands of well-armed and organized soldiers, many of whom were Civil War veterans, on the Canadian border in three theaters of operation, and push ...

“Every (British soldier) took to his heels, and the bloody ‘divils’ of Fenians take the hindmost,” he wrote. “Some took the fields, some kept to the railroad track, while large numbers ...

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Devoy, who was born in County Kildare in 1842, had been recruiting thousands of Irish-born soldiers who were serving in British regiments in Ireland, where the Fenians hoped to turn the British ...

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Years passed and by 1869 more than half the Fenian convicts were granted royal pardons, but not a single ex-British soldier was among them. The Duke of Cambridge, it was rumored, had prevented ...

Gallant soldier-boys of the Ninety-ninth Regiment ... could see there is no difference between the heeling and toeing of a Fenian couple and that of any other. Candor compels us to state that ...