In semiconductors, valence electrons occupy energy bands, with the valence band (lower energy ... This width is crucial in understanding the electric field and the behavior of charge carriers at the ...

A collaborative team of researchers from the Max Planck Institute for Structure and Dynamics of Matter (MPSD), Nanjing ...

Prior knowledge needed: Introductory physics including electromagnetics and modern physics and Introductory calculus and ordinary differential equations Understand the energy band structures ...