appearing prominently on banknotes and in poetry — in large part because of his establishment of an independent Cossack entity, the Hetmanate, and perceived liberation of Ukraine from Poland.

The Muscovite government increasingly limited the Hetmanate’s sovereignty until Catherine II forced the last Hetman to resign, erasing the last remains of the Cossacks' autonomy. She also ...

The third period (1775-1917) saw the destruction of the Zaporozhian Sich in 1775 and the abolition of the Hetmanate — a Ukrainian Cossack state — in the 1780s. Russian success in the Black Sea ...