The stroke volume is equal to cross-sectional area (CSA) of the LVOT at the site of measurement times its velocity: flow (Q) = CSA velocity. V 1 and V 2max, which are easily obtainable ...

Valve area is calculated using the continuity equation, which requires measurement of the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) velocity and cross sectional area (CSA), as well as the velocity ...

Left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction, where blood flow from the left ventricle is limited and can lead to heart failure, is a significant complication of TMVR associated with high ...