On land, too, biotic factors trigger changes that can move through an ecosystem. For example, a study in Yellowstone National Park found that during the decades in which grey wolves were absent ...

Biotic factors refer to all the living components of an ecosystem. Living organisms are often divided into categories such as producers, consumers and decomposers. A bee pollinating a flower is an ...

Abiotic components, on the other hand, influence the distribution and abundance of biotic components by shaping their habitats and determining their physiological processes. An example of a biotic ...

However, little is known about how the biotic colonization of caves developed over time, especially in caves at middle and low latitudes. To broaden knowledge in this area, researchers led by Prof.