The gradient created by this drives hydrogen back through the membrane, through ATP synthase. As this happens, the enzymatic activity of ATP synthase synthesiszes ATP from ADP. Mitochondria are ...

The proton gradients that power respiration are as universal as the genetic code itself, giving an insight into the origin of life and the singular origin of complexity. Why do virtually all cells ...

This project is interested in how ATP synthase can rotate, how the rotation transmits the energy from proton flow, the mechanism of ATP synthesis, and why the biological ... usually the motor should ...